Navigation+At+Sea

= Navigation at Sea  =

 By: Athena, Chae Hyoun and Tom As you go through this wikispace, fill in the worksheet with your answers! Answer sheet is provided further along on this page.

= **History of Navigation** =  •   •  
 * **Phoenicians** were the first western civilization to have developed navigation, about **4,000 years ago**.
 * **Navigation tools** included charts and observations of the Sun and stars ( celestial navigation).
 * Before discovery of magnetic compass, sailors had to **stay in sight of land**.

=** Three North's **=

[[image:map.jpg width="614" height="353" align="right"]]

 * The north that the magnetic compass points to.
 * It is constantly moving, about 40 km northwest each year.
 * Currently in the Canadian North Artic Ocean

**Geographic North**

 * Also referred to as true north.
 * It stays in the same place, and never moves.
 * Located in the north pole.

**Grid North**
<[|http://web.mit.edu/kenta/www/one/world-map.png> = **Dead Reckoning** = -In the past, so sailors could avoid hazards. -Present day, as a back-up in case the electronic devices stop working.
 * Determined by the grid line on a map.
 * It is always parallel to the Central Meridian.
 * Determined by where you are (arrows on the map).
 * Process of estimating one's position.
 * Determined by calculating the course and the speed from the present position.
 * Can predict the future position.
 * Not always accurate, because it doesn't add in the current or human errors.
 * **Used**

= Other Complication =
 * The rocky movements of a ship makes it hard for a compass to settle down.
 * Metals in ships can sometimes have their own magnetic field, which would alter the compass.


 * Original PowerPoint (bibliography included) || [[file:Navigation at sea.ppt]] ||
 * Original Script || [[file:Explorer at Sea.doc]] ||
 * Answer Sheet || [[file:work sheet answers.doc]] ||


 * The world has benefited** from the new technologies of navigating at sea because people can get safely from one place to another without getting lost. It has made a great impact on our world today in many aspects, such as politics, society, the environment and the culture.


 * Limitations-**When using a compass to navigate in the sea, many calculations have to be made to determine which way to go. You must know where the magnetic north and how much declination there is from the magnetic north to the true north, and how many degrees you must add to your compass from the point you are at. A confusing process, but this is the best science can do for one who is determined to use a compass.


 * Politics-** In 1400s to late 1700s, kings and queens of England, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands sent ships across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to place their flag on the new territories. At the time, Age of Exploration, there were no GPS’s and Map with Magnetic North, so they could use only Compass. Therefore, as our group explained, if they noticed the magnetism or that the compass points to the magnetic north, they would have discovered more new territories (region) and more quickly.
 * Societies** have been able to grow and expand all around the world. Many people moved across the sea to explore the ‘new world’ causing their societies to break, but then regroup in their new destination. The United States are made up of many different cultures that formerly belonged to other societies.
 * Environment-** As a result, we noticed that the earth was like a magnet. If the earth was not a magnet, we couldn’t use the compass, and we couldn’t map the sea, ocean. Then we wouldn’t be able to explore over 75% of the world, as well because if we went out into the sea without compass, there are no visuals to help navigate.
 * Cultures-**Different cultures have different ways to find their way at sea. Different cultures invent new tools to benefit themselves when they are at sea. The background of the culture will greatly influence how the people navigate. The Chinese first had the idea of the compass, so they were one of the first people to explore the world far from the lands. Other nations have been exploring using the tools that they have invented too.

Homo Faber refers to humans as controlling the environment using tools. It also defines intelligence, in its original sense, as the "faculty to create artificial objects, in particular tools to make tools, and to indefinitely vary its makings."Homo Faber (Human Ingenuity) is related to the different ages of marine navigation because throughout these times, tools that are need for navigation were invented, mass produced, and improved. During these times, human beings have demonstrated homo faber in all the process that go through to reach today’s marine navigation technologies. People have showed how intelligent they were when they invented the compass, and other people, too, have showed that they are smart enough to improve the compass so that it can be easily used by the sailors.
 * AOI Link**

